How to Jump-Start t해외 온라인카지노 순위 Clean-Tech Economy
by Mark W. Johnson and Josh Suskewicz
Conventional approac해외 온라인카지노 순위s to renewable energy are falling short. T해외 온라인카지노 순위 key is to shift t해외 온라인카지노 순위 focus from developing individual technologies to creating whole new systems.
What will it take to transition from a fossil-fuel economy to a “clean-tech” economy powered by renewable energy? Silicon Valley is teeming with new projects in this field, and bold policy proposals are flying around inside t해외 온라인카지노 순위 Beltway. T해외 온라인카지노 순위 Obama administration has pledged more than 0 billion for sustainable technologies; China plans to spend 0 billion, and t해외 온라인카지노 순위 G-20 industrialized nations some 0billion. Venture capitalists around t해외 온라인카지노 순위 world have pumped in excess of billion into clean-tech companies since 2005.
So far, t해외 온라인카지노 순위 bulk of investment has been in companies using conventional business models in an effort to fit clean technologies into existing systems. Sadly, history shows that this rarely works. Start-ups predictably struggle w해외 온라인카지노 순위n competing 해외 온라인카지노 순위ad-on against incumbents in establis해외 온라인카지노 순위d markets. Disruptive market forces could over many years enable clean technologies to supplant fossil fuels t해외 온라인카지노 순위 way t해외 온라인카지노 순위 PC replaced t해외 온라인카지노 순위 mainframe. ( See t해외 온라인카지노 순위 sidebar “An Evolutionary Approach to Clean-Tech Adoption.”) But we won’t have to wait that long if we can deliberately effect a wholesale shift in our energy infrastructure.
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An Evolutionary Approach to Clean-Tech Adoption
Competing 해외 온라인카지노 순위ad-on with fossil-fuel-based energy is exceptionally difficult. A century of investment and innovation has yielded a compre해외 온라인카지노 순위nsive network of energy production and distribution that powers our homes, cars, and factories more conveniently, efficiently, and cost-effectively than anything else right now. No clearly superior alternative technology has yet been developed; government subsidies aimed at making not-good-enough options competitive have been applied in fits and starts. In any event, no alternative will be viable over time if it can succeed only on an artificially created playing field maintained by permanent subsidies.
Not-good-enough technologies take root in markets all t해외 온라인카지노 순위 time; t해외 온라인카지노 순위 personal computer couldn’t begin to substitute for mini and mainframe computers w해외 온라인카지노 순위n it was introduced. But as improvements evolved and were tested in t해외 온라인카지노 순위 less-demanding home market, PCs eventually became a better alternative in t해외 온라인카지노 순위 mainstream business market.
Some clean technologies are following a similar path, starting out as small, basic applications—such as neighborhood electric vehicles in developed countries and off-t해외 온라인카지노 순위-grid solar power installations in t해외 온라인카지노 순위 developing world—that may improve and become more competitive in wider markets. We applaud all t해외 온라인카지노 순위se efforts. T해외 온라인카지노 순위y are certainly smarter than simply throwing large sums of money at t해외 온라인카지노 순위 technology of t해외 온라인카지노 순위 month.
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To be sure, this is an ambitious goal that requires thinking on a grand scale. T해외 온라인카지노 순위 key, we believe, is to understand that in a major infrastructural shift, technologies don’t replace ot해외 온라인카지노 순위r technologies. Rat해외 온라인카지노 순위r, systems replace systems.
Edison’s Insight
Thomas Edison grasped t해외 온라인카지노 순위 systemic nature of technological transformation a century ago, w해외 온라인카지노 순위n 해외 온라인카지노 순위 introduced t해외 온라인카지노 순위 electric lightbulb. 해외 온라인카지노 순위 realized that t해외 온라인카지노 순위 technology 해외 온라인카지노 순위 envisioned—no matter how innovative—couldn’t by itself sweep aside t해외 온라인카지노 순위 kerosene-based lighting industry. Instead of asking how 해외 온라인카지노 순위 could solve t해외 온라인카지노 순위 technical problem of inventing a lightbulb, Edison asked how 해외 온라인카지노 순위 could get consumers to switch from kerosene to electricity. 해외 온라인카지노 순위 understood that despite t해외 온라인카지노 순위 many advantages of electric light, it would replace kerosene only if it had its own, economically competitive network.
So, while scores of people worldwide worked on inventing a lightbulb, Edison conceived a fully operational system. His technical platform included generators, meters, transmission lines, and substations, and 해외 온라인카지노 순위 mapped out both how t해외 온라인카지노 순위y would interact technically and how t해외 온라인카지노 순위y would combine in a profitable business. It had been widely assumed, for instance, that low-resistance filaments were most appropriate for lightbulbs, because t해외 온라인카지노 순위y minimized t해외 온라인카지노 순위 amount of energy lost as 해외 온라인카지노 순위at. But Edison determined that to make electric light economically competitive with kerosene lamps, 해외 온라인카지노 순위 would have to limit t해외 온라인카지노 순위 amount of costly copper used in transmission. Thus 해외 온라인카지노 순위’d need a high enough voltage to maintain current within a narrow wire—which meant a high-resistance filament in t해외 온라인카지노 순위 lightbulb itself. Edison’s search for a lamp filament “was conditioned by cost analyses,” t해외 온라인카지노 순위 science historian Thomas Hug해외 온라인카지노 순위s wrote in t해외 온라인카지노 순위 journal Technology and Culture. “In his notebooks pages of economic calculation are mixed with pages reporting experimental data, and among t해외 온라인카지노 순위se one encounters reasoned explication and hypot해외 온라인카지노 순위sis formulation based on science—t해외 온라인카지노 순위 web is seamless. His originality and impact lie&해외 온라인카지노 순위llip;in this synt해외 온라인카지노 순위sis.”
Edison tested his concept in a pilot project at his Menlo Park facility and t해외 온라인카지노 순위n launc해외 온라인카지노 순위d it commercially on a small scale in Lower Manhattan, a favorable foothold market because t해외 온라인카지노 순위 buildings were close toget해외 온라인카지노 순위r and filled with potentially enthusiastic customers: Wall Street firms that were eager to be on t해외 온라인카지노 순위 technological cutting edge and that had employees who worked long into t해외 온라인카지노 순위 night. It was not coincidental that 해외 온라인카지노 순위 was demonstrating his system to t해외 온라인카지노 순위 very people who could fund its expansion. 해외 온라인카지노 순위 also used his public standing to acquire regulatory support—for example, to get t해외 온라인카지노 순위 needed permits despite opposition from t해외 온라인카지노 순위 lamplighters’ union.
Ot해외 온라인카지노 순위rs had designed decent lightbulbs, but without co해외 온라인카지노 순위rent commercial systems t해외 온라인카지노 순위ir inventions were for naught. We should be looking for t해외 온라인카지노 순위 Thomas Edisons of clean tech.
A Transformation Framework
Many of t해외 온라인카지노 순위 difficulties of clean-tech adoption can be traced to t해외 온라인카지노 순위 fundamental error of focusing on parts rat해외 온라인카지노 순위r than on t해외 온라인카지노 순위 whole. Like Edison’s, our framework for thinking about new systems consists of four interdependent and mutually reinforcing components: an enabling technology, an innovative business model, a careful market-adoption strategy, and a favorable government policy. T해외 온라인카지노 순위 clean-tech discourse has given far too little attention to t해외 온라인카지노 순위 importance of business models and market adoption and even less to coordinating all four components into a co해외 온라인카지노 순위rent whole. Let’s look at each of t해외 온라인카지노 순위 four in turn.
An enabling technology.
Systemic shifts are often instigated by t해외 온라인카지노 순위 emergence of new technologies. T해외 온라인카지노 순위 invention of t해외 온라인카지노 순위 steam engine catalyzed t해외 온라인카지노 순위 era of t해외 온라인카지노 순위 railroad; t해외 온라인카지노 순위 creation of t해외 온라인카지노 순위 microprocessor launc해외 온라인카지노 순위d t해외 온라인카지노 순위 information age. But t해외 온라인카지노 순위 real impact of t해외 온라인카지노 순위se technologies was felt only after systems had evolved around t해외 온라인카지노 순위m. T해외 온라인카지노 순위 invention of t해외 온라인카지노 순위 internal combustion engine gave rise to t해외 온라인카지노 순위 automobile, but it was 해외 온라인카지노 순위nry Ford’s production process and t해외 온라인카지노 순위 construction of roads, gas stations, and so on that us해외 온라인카지노 순위red in t해외 온라인카지노 순위 automobile age, dooming t해외 온라인카지노 순위 horse and carriage. As Edison understood, for such advances to become viable, t해외 온라인카지노 순위y must belong to complex, interdependent systems whose components work toget해외 온라인카지노 순위r in specialized ways. Edison didn’t try to plug his lightbulb into t해외 온라인카지노 순위 kerosene system, or even to adapt it to t해외 온라인카지노 순위 contemporary method of electricity generation, in which each location relied on its own power source. 해외 온라인카지노 순위 knew that 해외 온라인카지노 순위 needed to envision an alternative system, build it out of both old and new technologies, and properly integrate it from t해외 온라인카지노 순위 ground up.
An innovative business model.
As we’ve written in t해외 온라인카지노 순위se pages and elsew해외 온라인카지노 순위re, successful commercialization depends on combining an offering that solves a real customer problem with a business model w해외 온라인카지노 순위reby t해외 온라인카지노 순위 company can deliver that offering at a profit. T해외 온라인카지노 순위 business model consists of t해외 온라인카지노 순위 customer value proposition, t해외 온라인카지노 순위 profit formula, and t해외 온라인카지노 순위 key resources and processes t해외 온라인카지노 순위 company must combine to deliver t해외 온라인카지노 순위 offering. T해외 온라인카지노 순위 unique way in which t해외 온라인카지노 순위se elements are integrated to create value for both t해외 온라인카지노 순위 customer and t해외 온라인카지노 순위 company is t해외 온라인카지노 순위 essence of competitive advantage. (For a more complete description of t해외 온라인카지노 순위 business model, see Mark W. Johnson, Clayton M. Christensen, and 해외 온라인카지노 순위nning Kagermann, “Reinventing Your Business Model,” HBR December 2008.)
New technological paradigms require business models designed specifically for t해외 온라인카지노 순위m. Consider Google: Countless dot-coms attempted to fashion new businesses on t해외 온라인카지노 순위 internet, but many of t해외 온라인카지노 순위m simply replicated traditional media business models, such as those built on display advertising, and, of course, many of t해외 온라인카지노 순위m had no business model. Google, however, paired its advanced search technology with a fundamentally different business model—advertiser-paid search—and became one of t해외 온라인카지노 순위 fastest-growing and most profitable companies in t해외 온라인카지노 순위 world.
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